Water Systems UnitWater Cycle ---- A continuous pattern in nature in which water moves as it changes state above, on, and below the surface of Earth Evaporation --- The change of state from a liquid to a gas Transpiration ---- The evaporation of water directly from plants (plants releasing water vapour) Condensation ---- The change in state from gas to a liquid (ex. cloud formation or dew on grass) Precipitation --- Water that has gathered in the clouds and falls to Earth as rain, hail, sleet or snow Basin ----- A natural depression (indentation) in the ground where water can gather Estuary (Estuaries) ---- An area where fresh water from rivers and salt water from oceans mix to form moderately salty water Runoff ------ Water flowing along the surface of the ground (often due to gravity) Ground Water ----- Water that has soaked into the earth (often between rock and soil in an area called the saturated zone) Water Table ----- The upper layer (boundary) of the saturated zone. This is the level below which the ground is saturated with water. Saturated Zone ------ The area beneath the water table where water fills the spaces in the gravel, sand, silt, or rock. Percolation ------ The filtration of water through soil and permeable rocks. This is the seeping through a porous material... gravity will pull surface water downward and it will percolate through the earth. Aquifer ------- An underground zone of rock or soil that contains and yields water (* Water Pocket*) This water is stored beneath the saturated zone in the earth (wells are often connected to aquifers) Aquitard ---------- The layer of clay, silt, sand, or rock that water can't move through... it is typically impervious to water or water-proof. Fractures or cracks in this layer will, however, allow water to seep into aquifers. Potable Water -------- Safe to drink Salinity ------------ A measure of the quantity of dissolved salt in water *** The earth is 97% Salt Water *** *** Less than 1% of the water on earth is accessible water *** *** Even if water is fresh that does not mean it is accessible... it may be trapped within glacial ice or deep within the earth in aquifers *** Erosion ---- Erosion is the gradual breaking down of materials caused by moving water. Erosion can dissolve rock, weakening it or turning it into tiny bits or fragments. These fragments can be carried from one location to another. Deposition ----- Deposition is the transporting and dropping off of sediments/rocks/soil...etc. carried by erosion. Weathering ------ Weathering is the breaking down of rocks, soils, minerals (as well as artificial materials) through contact with the earth's atmosphere. This can involve harsh weather (part of the water cycle) or wind and other elements. Ocean Currents ------ Ocean currents greatly impact the climate of the areas close to them. Ocean currents are caused by a combination of wind, salinity of water, heat capacity of water, the Earth's rotation, as well as the placement of the continents and land masses. Consistent circular patterns of ocean currents are called GYRES 6 MAJOR OCEAN CURRENTS 1. North Atlantic Current 2. South Atlantic Current 3. Antarctic Circumpolar Current 4. Indian Ocean Current 5. North Pacific Current 6. South Pacific Current
Optics Jeopardy - A study game
OPTICS UNIT NOTES
Optics vocabulary and notes
Eye Anatomy - Parts of the Eye - Function
Colour theory (OPTICS)
Fluids Unit Jeopardy Game can be found hereQUIZLET GAME and PRACTICE CUE CARDS --->
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fluids_jeopardy.ppt | |
File Size: | 1788 kb |
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FLUIDS UNIT
Fluids Unit Vocabulary Book | |
File Size: | 609 kb |
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Fluid ------- Matter that contains particles that will move past one another
or "flow" (Can be Liquid or Gas)
Cohesion ------ Attractive force between same type particles
Adhesion ---- Attractive force between particles of different types
Viscosity ------ Resistance of a fluid to change shape or movement (thickness)
Flow Rate ----- The movement of particles past one another in a given time
(distance over time)
Pressure ----- A force exerted over a specific surface area
Compressibility ----- The ability of a fluid to be squeezed into a smaller volume. (Gas is highly compressible)
Hydraulic ------- Pressurized system that uses moving liquids to do work.
A force is applied at one point and transmitted to another point.
Ex) Hydraulic Brakes. The Heart and Blood Vessels are a natural Hydraulic System
Pneumatic ------- Pressurized system that uses moving air and other gases to do work.
Hydrometer ----- An instrument for measuring the density of liquids
Density ---- The amount of substance (particles) that occupy a volume (space)
The more tightly packed the particles the more dense
D = M/V Density can be found if you know the mass and volume of the substance
Archimedes Principle - Buoyant Force = Weight (amount) of displaced Water
Buoyant Force ---- Force opposing gravity exerted by particles in a fluid. (Upwards Force)
Positive Buoyancy --- Object is less dense than the fluid and floats
Neutral Buoyancy --- force of gravity is equal to buoyant force and the object
is suspended in water
Negative Buoyancy --- Object more dense than fluid and sinks
or "flow" (Can be Liquid or Gas)
Cohesion ------ Attractive force between same type particles
Adhesion ---- Attractive force between particles of different types
Viscosity ------ Resistance of a fluid to change shape or movement (thickness)
Flow Rate ----- The movement of particles past one another in a given time
(distance over time)
Pressure ----- A force exerted over a specific surface area
Compressibility ----- The ability of a fluid to be squeezed into a smaller volume. (Gas is highly compressible)
Hydraulic ------- Pressurized system that uses moving liquids to do work.
A force is applied at one point and transmitted to another point.
Ex) Hydraulic Brakes. The Heart and Blood Vessels are a natural Hydraulic System
Pneumatic ------- Pressurized system that uses moving air and other gases to do work.
Hydrometer ----- An instrument for measuring the density of liquids
Density ---- The amount of substance (particles) that occupy a volume (space)
The more tightly packed the particles the more dense
D = M/V Density can be found if you know the mass and volume of the substance
Archimedes Principle - Buoyant Force = Weight (amount) of displaced Water
Buoyant Force ---- Force opposing gravity exerted by particles in a fluid. (Upwards Force)
Positive Buoyancy --- Object is less dense than the fluid and floats
Neutral Buoyancy --- force of gravity is equal to buoyant force and the object
is suspended in water
Negative Buoyancy --- Object more dense than fluid and sinks
Fluid Book Answer Key | |
File Size: | 293 kb |
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Cells and Systems Vocabulary
Circulatory System
The 3 major parts that make up the circulatory system: The Heart, The Blood, The Blood Vessels
Components of Blood
1) Red Blood Cells (44%) - Carry oxygen, nutrients, and waste down the bloodstream to be delivered to cells
2) White Blood Cells (0.5%) - "troops" - fight disease and attack germs
3) Platelets (0.5%) - Heal wounds... collect together to block a cut or damaged vessel and create a "clot"
4) Plasma (55%) - liquid portion of blood
Types of Blood Vessels in your Body
1. Arteries (usually carry oxygen-rich blood... oxygenated) - carry blood away from the heart to deliver oxygen to cells
2. Veins (usually carry oxygen-poor blood... deoxygenated) - carry blood back towards the heart to drop off waste
3. Capillaries (smallest branches... microscopic blood vessels) where gas exchange will cells happen. Capillaries connect arteries and veins together
The 3 major parts that make up the circulatory system: The Heart, The Blood, The Blood Vessels
Components of Blood
1) Red Blood Cells (44%) - Carry oxygen, nutrients, and waste down the bloodstream to be delivered to cells
2) White Blood Cells (0.5%) - "troops" - fight disease and attack germs
3) Platelets (0.5%) - Heal wounds... collect together to block a cut or damaged vessel and create a "clot"
4) Plasma (55%) - liquid portion of blood
Types of Blood Vessels in your Body
1. Arteries (usually carry oxygen-rich blood... oxygenated) - carry blood away from the heart to deliver oxygen to cells
2. Veins (usually carry oxygen-poor blood... deoxygenated) - carry blood back towards the heart to drop off waste
3. Capillaries (smallest branches... microscopic blood vessels) where gas exchange will cells happen. Capillaries connect arteries and veins together
Digestive System Below:
Mechanical Digestion ---- Physical Breakdown ex. teeth cutting large pieces into smaller pieces
Chemical Digestion ----- Chemical reactions breaking large complex molecules of food into smaller simple pieces
Ex. Stomach acid and Enzymes breaking food down through reactions
Peristalsis ---- Muscles working (squeezing) along your digestive tract to help move things along.
This occurs in the esophagus as well as throughout the small and large intestine.
Organ Systems
Nervous System ---- To react to the environment (brain, spinal cord, nerves)
Skeletal System ---- To provide support for the body and protect soft tissues and organs
Circulatory System ---- To transport oxygen and nutrients throughout the body and to transport wastes and carbon dioxide out of the body
Respiratory System ---- To exchange carbon dioxide and oxygen within your lungs and send it into the blood stream to be delivered to body
Digestive System ---- To remove nutrients from food and remove waste from the body
Muscular System ---- To provide support and allow movement
(muscles tissue contracts and relaxes to perform functions such as allow your heart to pump blood through the body)
Excretory System ---- To remove liquid waste from the body (urine, sweat)
Endocrine System ---- Regulates all body activities (chemical balance such as hormones)
Immune System ---- To help fight disease and infection (white blood cells, bone marrow)
Lymphatic System ---- To remove impurities from the blood stream (lymph nodes)
Reproductive System ---- To produce offspring (pass genetic information to new life)
Multicellular Organism --- An organism made up of more than one cell. The cells work together and depend on each other to survive.
Unicellular Organism --- A single cell that exhibits all 6 characteristics of living things.
Ex: Paramecium, Amoeba, Stentor, Diatoms, Bacteria, Fungi, Algae...
Impermeable --- A membrane or barrier that does not allow substances to pass through it
Permeable --- A membrane or barrier that allows substances to pass through it
Semi-permeable (Selectively Permeable) --- The ability to allow certain substances in but not others. For example cell membranes are selectively permeable allowing certain things like nutrients in to the cell when needed.
Diffusion - The movement of molecules from crowded areas (higher concentration) to less crowded areas (lower concentration). Molecules will
continue to move from one area to another until the number of molecules is equal in the two areas (equilibrium).
Ex. Perfume molecules spreading throughout a room
Ex. Oxygen Diffusing across the alveoli (air sacs) into the blood
Mechanical Digestion ---- Physical Breakdown ex. teeth cutting large pieces into smaller pieces
Chemical Digestion ----- Chemical reactions breaking large complex molecules of food into smaller simple pieces
Ex. Stomach acid and Enzymes breaking food down through reactions
Peristalsis ---- Muscles working (squeezing) along your digestive tract to help move things along.
This occurs in the esophagus as well as throughout the small and large intestine.
Organ Systems
Nervous System ---- To react to the environment (brain, spinal cord, nerves)
Skeletal System ---- To provide support for the body and protect soft tissues and organs
Circulatory System ---- To transport oxygen and nutrients throughout the body and to transport wastes and carbon dioxide out of the body
Respiratory System ---- To exchange carbon dioxide and oxygen within your lungs and send it into the blood stream to be delivered to body
Digestive System ---- To remove nutrients from food and remove waste from the body
Muscular System ---- To provide support and allow movement
(muscles tissue contracts and relaxes to perform functions such as allow your heart to pump blood through the body)
Excretory System ---- To remove liquid waste from the body (urine, sweat)
Endocrine System ---- Regulates all body activities (chemical balance such as hormones)
Immune System ---- To help fight disease and infection (white blood cells, bone marrow)
Lymphatic System ---- To remove impurities from the blood stream (lymph nodes)
Reproductive System ---- To produce offspring (pass genetic information to new life)
Multicellular Organism --- An organism made up of more than one cell. The cells work together and depend on each other to survive.
Unicellular Organism --- A single cell that exhibits all 6 characteristics of living things.
Ex: Paramecium, Amoeba, Stentor, Diatoms, Bacteria, Fungi, Algae...
Impermeable --- A membrane or barrier that does not allow substances to pass through it
Permeable --- A membrane or barrier that allows substances to pass through it
Semi-permeable (Selectively Permeable) --- The ability to allow certain substances in but not others. For example cell membranes are selectively permeable allowing certain things like nutrients in to the cell when needed.
Diffusion - The movement of molecules from crowded areas (higher concentration) to less crowded areas (lower concentration). Molecules will
continue to move from one area to another until the number of molecules is equal in the two areas (equilibrium).
Ex. Perfume molecules spreading throughout a room
Ex. Oxygen Diffusing across the alveoli (air sacs) into the blood
Cell Organelles
Cell Wall - (Plant Cell Only) - Protects the cell. Gives plant cells rigidity and strength to grow with support.
Cell Membrane - (Both Plant and Animal Cells) - Semi-permeable (allows certain things into the cell). Thin outer layer.
Nucleus - (Both) - The control center of the cell. Stores DNA.
Cytoplasm - (Both) Thick, clear, jelly-like substance filling the inside of a cell. Keeps organelles in place and helps cell maintain shape.
Endoplasmic Reticulum - (Both) - Carries materials through cells. Smooth and Rough ER. Looks like a network of tubes or passageways.
Ribosome - (Both) - Create protein to be used by cells. Small little circular bodies that can be found free floating in cells or attached to the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum.
Mitochondria - (Both) - Bean shaped - The "powerhouse" of the cell. Responsible for using nutrients to create energy to be used by cells.
Lysosome - (Animal Cells) - breakdown waste materials inside cells (ex. dead cell parts)
Vacuole - (Very Large in Plant Cells... sometimes small in Animal Cells) - Stores water, food and nutrients
Chloroplast - (Plant Cell only) - Oval and Green - Use light energy to make food energy (Photosynthesis)
Golgi Apparatus - (Both) - Send nutrients throughout the cell (packing and shipping)
Cell Wall - (Plant Cell Only) - Protects the cell. Gives plant cells rigidity and strength to grow with support.
Cell Membrane - (Both Plant and Animal Cells) - Semi-permeable (allows certain things into the cell). Thin outer layer.
Nucleus - (Both) - The control center of the cell. Stores DNA.
Cytoplasm - (Both) Thick, clear, jelly-like substance filling the inside of a cell. Keeps organelles in place and helps cell maintain shape.
Endoplasmic Reticulum - (Both) - Carries materials through cells. Smooth and Rough ER. Looks like a network of tubes or passageways.
Ribosome - (Both) - Create protein to be used by cells. Small little circular bodies that can be found free floating in cells or attached to the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum.
Mitochondria - (Both) - Bean shaped - The "powerhouse" of the cell. Responsible for using nutrients to create energy to be used by cells.
Lysosome - (Animal Cells) - breakdown waste materials inside cells (ex. dead cell parts)
Vacuole - (Very Large in Plant Cells... sometimes small in Animal Cells) - Stores water, food and nutrients
Chloroplast - (Plant Cell only) - Oval and Green - Use light energy to make food energy (Photosynthesis)
Golgi Apparatus - (Both) - Send nutrients throughout the cell (packing and shipping)
The Levels of Organization
Cells ---> Tissues ---> Organs ---> Organ Systems ---> Organisms
Tissue - A group of cells that have the same structure (shape) and function... and work together to do a certain job within an organism
Organ - Two or more tissues that come together to do a function within an organism
Organ System - A group of organs working together toward a certain function
Example: Stomach, Liver, Pancreas, and Intestines working together to help food digest
Organism - A group of systems working together to sustain life
Tissue - A group of cells that have the same structure (shape) and function... and work together to do a certain job within an organism
Organ - Two or more tissues that come together to do a function within an organism
Organ System - A group of organs working together toward a certain function
Example: Stomach, Liver, Pancreas, and Intestines working together to help food digest
Organism - A group of systems working together to sustain life
6 Characteristics of Living Things
Living things are called organisms.
Before something can be classified as living it must show ALL 6 Characteristics of Living Things.
1. Living things are composed of CELLS
2. Living things can Grow/Repair themselves
--> This includes the potential for to reproduce in some way
3. Living things require ENERGY (some form of)
4. Living things respond to the environment
--> This may be a response to a stimulus... this also can include some ability for movement (bending, swaying, or entirely moving)
5. Living things have a Lifespan
6. Living things produce waste
--> This could be gas exchange (ex: oxygen and carbon dioxide) or the ability to get rid of unwanted solid and liquid waste
Based on the above 6 Characteristics of Living Things create a response to the question "is fire a living thing?" Go through each point from the 6 characteristics and describe using examples wether or not fire fits into these categories. Overall conclude if it can be considered living or not.
Before something can be classified as living it must show ALL 6 Characteristics of Living Things.
1. Living things are composed of CELLS
2. Living things can Grow/Repair themselves
--> This includes the potential for to reproduce in some way
3. Living things require ENERGY (some form of)
4. Living things respond to the environment
--> This may be a response to a stimulus... this also can include some ability for movement (bending, swaying, or entirely moving)
5. Living things have a Lifespan
6. Living things produce waste
--> This could be gas exchange (ex: oxygen and carbon dioxide) or the ability to get rid of unwanted solid and liquid waste
Based on the above 6 Characteristics of Living Things create a response to the question "is fire a living thing?" Go through each point from the 6 characteristics and describe using examples wether or not fire fits into these categories. Overall conclude if it can be considered living or not.
The Cell Theory
1. All living things are composed of one OR more cells
2. The Cell is the basic unit of funcion and structure in all organisms
3. All Cells come from pre-existing cells
2. The Cell is the basic unit of funcion and structure in all organisms
3. All Cells come from pre-existing cells